List of Prime Ministers of Canada

The Prime Minister of Canada is an official who serves as the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Head of Government of Canada. Officially, the Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor General of Canada, but by constitutional convention the Prime Minister must have the confidence of the House of Commons. Normally, this is the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the House, but if that leader lacks support of the majority in the House, the Governor General can appoint another leader who has the support of a majority, or may dissolve parliament and call a new election. By constitutional convention, a prime minister must hold a seat in parliament, and since the early 20th century this has more specifically meant the elected House of Commons.[1]

The office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the Constitution of Canada; executive authority is formally vested in the sovereign and exercised on his or her behalf by the Governor General. The prime ministership is part of Canada's constitutional convention tradition. The office was initially modelled after the job as it existed in Britain at the time. Sir John A. Macdonald was formally commissioned by Lord Monck on May 24, 1867 to form the first Canadian Government under Confederation. On July 1, 1867 the First Ministry assumed office.[2]

The date for which a Prime Minister begins his or her term has been determined by the date that he or she is sworn into his or her portfolio, as an oath of office as Prime Minister is not required.[3] However, starting in 1957 the incoming Prime Minister has sworn an oath as Prime Minister; as of 2006, this tradition has continued.[3] Before 1920, the Prime Ministers' resignations were accepted immediately by the Governor General, and the last day of the ministries were the date he died, or the date of resignation.[3] Since 1920, the outgoing Prime Minister has only formally resigned when the new government is ready to be formed.[3] The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day."[3] Although, traditionally, the outgoing Prime Minister formally resigns only hours before the incoming ministry swears their oaths, both during the day, the ministries are effectively changed at midnight, the night before. Some sources, including the Parliament of Canada, apply this convention as far back as 1917.[4]

Contents

Prime Ministers

Key:
No.: Incumbent No.
Min.: Ministry

  Liberal Party of Canada
  Historical conservative parties: Liberal-Conservative, Conservative (historical), Unionist, National Liberal and Conservative, Progressive Conservative
  Conservative Party of Canada

Provinces:
AB: Alberta, BC: British Columbia, MB: Manitoba, NS: Nova Scotia, ON: Ontario, QC: Quebec, SK: Saskatchewan

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death); District		 Min. Term of office Electoral mandates (Parliaments) Political party
1 Sir John A. Macdonald
(1815–1891)
MP for Kingston, ON		 1 1 July 1867[2] 5 November 1873[5] Elected 1867 (1st Parlt.)
Elected 1872 (2nd Parlt.)		 Liberal-Conservative Party
Minister of Justice; Integration of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory into Canada; Manitoba Act; Red River Rebellion; Confederation of British Columbia; Creation of the North-West Mounted Police; Resigned over Pacific Scandal.
2 Alexander Mackenzie
(1822–1892)
MP for Lambton, ON		 2 7 November 1873[6] 8 October 1878[7] Designated (2nd Parlt.)§
Elected 1874 (3rd Parlt.)		 Liberal Party
§Minority government. Pacific Scandal; Creation of the Supreme Court; Establishment of the Royal Military College; Created the office of the Auditor General.
(1) Sir John A. Macdonald
(1815–1891)
MP for Victoria, BC 1878–1882
MP for Carleton, ON 1882–1887
MP for Kingston, ON 1887–1891		 3 17 October 1878[8] 6 June 1891[9] Elected 1878 (4th Parlt.)
Elected 1882 (5th Parlt.)
Elected 1887 (6th Parlt.)
Elected 1891 (7th Parlt.)		 Liberal-Conservative Party
National Policy; North-West Rebellion; Hanging of Louis Riel. Died in office (stroke).
3 Sir John Abbott
(1821–1893)
Senator for Quebec		 4 16 June 1891[10] 24 November 1892[11] Designated (7th Parlt.) Liberal-Conservative Party
Succeeded on Macdonald's death due to objections to the Catholic John Thompson. In ill health; retired.
4 Sir John Thompson
(1845–1894)
MP for Antigonish, NS		 5 5 December 1892[12] 12 December 1894[13] Designated (7th Parlt.) Liberal-Conservative Party
Minister of Justice; First Catholic Prime Minister. Manitoba Schools Question. Died in office (heart attack).
5 Sir Mackenzie Bowell
(1823–1917)
Senator for Ontario		 6 21 December 1894[14] 27 April 1896[15] Designated (7th Parlt.) Conservative Party (historical)
Manitoba Schools Question.
6 Sir Charles Tupper
(1821–1915)
Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister		 7 1 May 1896[16] 8 July 1896[17] Designated (none) Conservative Party (historical)
Aimed to defeat Patrons of Industry, but dominated by Manitoba Schools Question. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister.
7 Sir Wilfrid Laurier
(1841–1919)
MP for Quebec East, QC		 8 11 July 1896[18] 6 October 1911[19] Elected 1896 (8th Parlt.)
Elected 1900 (9th Parlt.)
Elected 1904 (10th Parlt.)
Elected 1908 (11th Parlt.)		 Liberal Party
Manitoba Schools Question; Boer War; Confederation of Alberta and Saskatchewan; Creation of the Royal Canadian Navy; Reciprocity with the US; First French Canadian Prime Minister, removed the right for status Indians to vote.
8 Sir Robert Borden
(1854–1937)
MP for Halifax, NS until 1917
MP for Kings, NS from 1917		 9 10 October 1911[20] 11 October 1917[19] Elected 1911 (12th Parlt.) Conservative Party (historical)
10 12 October 1917[20] 10 July 1920[21] Elected 1917 (13th Parlt.) Unionist Party
First World War; Military Service Act; Conscription Crisis of 1917; Unionist Party (Canada); Creation of the National Research Council; Introduction of income tax; Winnipeg General Strike; Nickle Resolution.
9 Arthur Meighen
(1874–1960)
MP for Portage la Prairie, MB		 11 10 July 1920[22] 29 December 1921[23] Designated (13th Parlt.) National Liberal and Conservative Party
—
10 William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950)
MP for York North, ON until 1925
MP for Prince Albert, SK from 1926		 12 29 December 1921[24] 28 June 1926[24][25] Elected 1921 (14th Parlt.)
Elected 1925 (15th Parlt.)‡		 Liberal Party
Lost his seat in 1925 election, which resulted in a hung parliament; continued in office without holding the most seats in the Commons following the 1925 election with the support of the third-party Progressives; the Governor General refused his request to dissolve parliament (King–Byng Affair).
‡ Meighen had won a plurality of seats in the 1925 election, but King continued in office with the unofficial support of the Progressives until the King-Byng Affair caused him to resign and Meighen to be invited to form a government.
(9) Arthur Meighen
(1874–1960)
MP for Portage la Prairie, MB		 13 29 June 1926[22] 25  September 1926[26] Designated (15th Parlt.)‡ Conservative Party (historical)
Appointed as a result of the King–Byng Affair. Defeated and lost his seat in 1926 election.
‡ Meighen had won a plurality of seats in the 1925 election, but King continued in office with the unofficial support of the Progressives until the King-Byng Affair caused him to resign and Meighen to be invited to form a government.
(10) William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950)
MP for Prince Albert, SK		 14 25 September 1926[24] 7 August 1930[27] Elected 1926 (16th Parlt.)§ Liberal Party
§Minority government. Introduction of old age pensions; Great Depression.
11 Richard Bedford Bennett
(1870–1947)
MP for Calgary West, AB		 15 7 August 1930[28] 23 October 1935[29] Elected 1930 (17th Parlt.) Conservative Party (historical)
Great Depression; Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission; Canadian Wheat Board; Creation of the Bank of Canada.
(10) William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950)
MP for Prince Albert, SK until 1945
MP for Glengarry, ON from 1945		 16 23 October 1935[24] 15 November 1948[30] Elected 1935 (18th Parlt.)
Elected 1940 (19th Parlt.)
Elected 1945 (20th Parlt.)		 Liberal Party
Creation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; National Film Board of Canada; Nationalization of the Bank of Canada; Second World War; Conscription Crisis of 1944; Trans-Canada Airlines; Gouzenko Affair.
12 Louis St. Laurent
(1882–1973)
MP for Quebec East, QC		 17 15 November 1948[31] 21 June 1957[32] Designated (20th Parlt.)
Elected 1949 (21st Parlt.)
Elected 1953 (22nd Parlt.)		 Liberal Party
Canada's entrance into NATO and the UN; Suez Crisis; Creation of the United Nations Emergency Force; London Declaration; Newfoundland Act; Equalization; Trans-Canada Highway; St. Lawrence Seaway; Trans-Canada Pipeline; Pipeline Debate.
13 John Diefenbaker
(1895–1979)
MP for Prince Albert, SK		 18 21 June 1957[33] 22 April 1963[34] Elected 1957 (23rd Parlt.)§
Elected 1958 (24th Parlt.)
Elected 1962 (25th Parlt.)§		 Progressive Conservative Party
§Minority government. Avro Arrow cancellation; Coyne Affair; Cuban Missile Crisis; Canadian Bill of Rights, allowed status aboriginals to vote in federal elections 1960.
14 Lester B. Pearson
(1897–1972)
MP for Algoma East, ON		 19 22 April 1963[35] 20 April 1968[36] Elected 1963 (26th Parlt.)§
Elected 1965 (27th Parlt.)§		 Liberal Party
§Minority government. Bomarc missile program; Introduction of Canadian universal healthcare; Canada Pension Plan; Canada Student Loans; Creation of a new Canadian flag; Auto Pact; Rejection of troop deployment to Vietnam; Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism; Creation of the Canadian Forces; 1967 Canadian Centennial celebrations.
15 Pierre Trudeau
(1919–2000)
MP for Mount Royal, QC		 20 20 April 1968[37] 3/4 June[R] 1979[37] Designated (27th Parlt.)
Elected 1968 (28th Parlt.)
Elected 1972 (29th Parlt.)§
Elected 1974 (30th Parlt.)		 Liberal Party
§Minority government. Minister of Justice; "Trudeaumania"; "Just Society"; October Crisis; Use of the War Measures Act; Official Languages Act; Establishment of relations with China; Creation of Petro-Canada; Membership in the G7; Metric Commission.
16 Joe Clark
(1939– )
MP for Yellowhead, AB		 21 4 June 1979[38] 2/3 March[R] 1980[38] Elected 1979 (31st Parlt.)§ Progressive Conservative Party
§Minority government. Youngest Canadian PM. Defeated in a motion of no confidence on tax proposals.
(15) Pierre Trudeau
(1919–2000)
MP for Mount Royal, QC		 22 3 March 1980[37] 29/30 June[R] 1984[37] Elected 1980 (32nd Parlt.) Liberal Party
Introduction of the NEP; 1980 Referendum; Access to Information Act; Repatriation of the Canadian Constitution; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; Canada Health Act; Western alienation.
17 John Turner
(1929– )
Did not serve in parliament while Prime Minister		 23 30 June 1984[39] 16/17 September[R] 1984[39] Designated (none) Liberal Party
Trudeau Patronage Appointments. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister.
18 Brian Mulroney
(1939– )
MP for Manicouagan, QC until 1988
MP for Charlevoix, QC from 1988		 24 17 September 1984[40] 24/25 June[R] 1993[40] Elected 1984 (33rd Parlt.)
Elected 1988 (34th Parlt.)		 Progressive Conservative Party
Cancellation of the NEP; Meech Lake Accord; Air India bombing; Canada-US Free Trade Agreement; Introduction of the GST; Charlottetown Accord; Good relations with Ronald Reagan; Petro-Canada privatization; Gulf War; École Polytechnique massacre; Oka Crisis; Environmental Protection Act; NAFTA; Airbus affair.
19 Kim Campbell
(1947– )
MP for Vancouver Centre, BC		 25 25 June 1993[41] 3/4 November[R] 1993[41] Designated (34th Parlt.) Progressive Conservative Party
First female Prime Minister of Canada. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister. Defeated and lost her seat in 1993 election.
20 Jean Chrétien
(1934– )
MP for Saint-Maurice, QC		 26 4 November 1993[42] 11/12 December[R] 2003[42] Elected 1993 (35th Parlt.)
Elected 1997 (36th Parlt.)
Elected 2000 (37th Parlt.)		 Liberal Party
Red Book; HST; 1995 Referendum; Clarity Act; Assassination attempt; Kosovo War; 1997 Red River Flood; Social Union Framework Agreement; Creation of Nunavut Territory; Youth Criminal Justice Act; Shawinigan Handshake; Invasion of Afghanistan; Opposition to the Invasion of Iraq; Sponsorship scandal; Kyoto Protocol; Gomery Inquiry.
21 Paul Martin
(1938– )
MP for LaSalle—Émard, QC		 27 12 December 2003[43] 5/6 February[R] 2006[43] Designated (37th Parlt.)
Elected 2004 (38th Parlt.)§		 Liberal Party
§Minority government. Sponsorship scandal; Gomery inquiry; Civil Marriage Act; Kelowna Accord; Rejection of US Anti-Missile Treaty; G20; Atlantic Accord.
22 Stephen Harper
(1959– )
MP for Calgary Southwest, AB		 28 6 February 2006[44] Incumbent Elected 2006 (39th Parlt.)§
Elected 2008 (40th Parlt.)§
Elected 2011 (41st Parlt.)		 Conservative Party
§Minority government. Federal Accountability Act; GST Reduction; Afghan Mission Extension; Chuck Cadman Affair; Québécois nation motion; Apology for Chinese Head Tax; Israel-Lebanon Conflict; Veterans' Bill of Rights; Residential Schools Apology; Financial crisis of 2007-2010; 2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute; 2009 Budget; Abousfian Abdelrazik; 2009 flu pandemic; Canadian Afghan detainee issue; CF-35 procurement deal; Parliamentary contempt.

R The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day." Under the Act, Prime Ministers' tenures are therefore credited as having concluded at the end of their last full day in office (the earlier date given), although their resignation was received by the Governor General on the following day. This provision applies to Trudeau in 1979[45] and 1984,[46] Clark,[47] Turner,[48] Mulroney,[49] Campbell,[50] Chrétien[51] and Martin.[51]

Living former Prime Ministers

As of March 2011, there are six living former Prime Ministers of Canada, the oldest being John Turner (1984, born 1929). The most recent former Prime Minister to die was Pierre Trudeau (1968–1979, 1980–1984), on 28 September 2000. John A. Macdonald (1867–1873, 1878–1891), and John Thompson (1892–1894) are the only serving Prime Ministers to die in office.

Name Term of office Date of birth
Joe Clark 1979–1980 5 June 1939 (1939-06-05) (age 72)
John Turner 1984 7 June 1929 (1929-06-07) (age 82)
Brian Mulroney 1984–1993 20 March 1939 (1939-03-20) (age 72)
Kim Campbell 1993 10 March 1947 (1947-03-10) (age 64)
Jean Chrétien 1993–2003 11 January 1934 (1934-01-11) (age 78)
Paul Martin 2003–2006 28 August 1938 (1938-08-28) (age 73)

See also

Book: Prime Ministers of Canada
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

References

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  34. ^ "PARLINFO - Parliamentarian File - Federal Experience - PEARSON, The Right Hon. Lester Bowles, P.C., C.C., O.M., O.B.E., B.A., M.A., LL.D". Parliament of Canada. http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=51c861ef-0f17-4a79-8d9b-0854fb3ef33f&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx. Retrieved 26 June 2011. 
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  37. ^ a b "PARLINFO - Parliamentarian File - Federal Experience - CLARK, The Right Hon. Charles Joseph, P.C., C.C., A.O.E., B.A., M.A., LL.D". Parliament of Canada. http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=a247d1d3-3b05-46ac-b9f3-6622ab25d695&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx. Retrieved 26 June 2011. 
  38. ^ a b "PARLINFO - Parliamentarian File - Federal Experience - TURNER, The Right Hon. John Napier, P.C., C.C., Q.C., M.A., LL.D". Parliament of Canada. http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=2d6cfb9d-1d91-419c-835b-2bc796126fab&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx. Retrieved 26 June 2011. 
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  41. ^ a b "PARLINFO - Parliamentarian File - Federal Experience - CHRÉTIEN, The Right Hon. Joseph Jacques Jean, P.C., C.C., O.M., Q.C., B.A., LL.L., LL.D". Parliament of Canada. http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=2aa8c3e9-f46e-4c78-b9ff-04bec0ed5050&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx. Retrieved 26 June 2011. 
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Further reading

Main article: List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada

External links